![]() Based on the characteristics of interactions between charged particles and electric fields carried by the background plasma, the mechanisms of charged particle acceleration can be divided into several groups: resonant interactions between plasma waves and particles, acceleration by electric fields parallel to magnetic fields, and acceleration caused by drift of the guiding center of particle gyro-motion around magnetic fields in magnetic field in-homogeneity-related curvature and gradient, etc. ![]() Charged particles in astrophysical plasmas can be accelerated to very high energies by electric fields. The origin of high-energy particles in the Universe is one of the key issues of high-energy solar physics, space science, astrophysics, and particle astrophysics. ![]()
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